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Are Eurovision Winners Allowed to Compete Again

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Rules and obligations used in the Eurovision Vocal Competition

A detailed set of rules and obligations which all participating broadcasters and participants in the annual Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la chanson) must uphold is produced annually alee of each edition of the international song contest. These rules are drafted past the contest organisers, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), and approved by the contest'due south Reference Group, and typically outline which songs may be deemed eligible for entry, the format of the contest, the voting arrangement employed to select a contest winner and how the results of this vote are presented to the televised audience, the overall values of the contest, and distribution and broadcasting rights through tv set, radio and streaming services.

Since the competition's inaugural edition in 1956 the rules upon which the effect has been organised and contested take inverse over time.

General format [edit]

The Eurovision Song Contest is an international song competition held among broadcasting networks representing primarily European countries. Each participating broadcaster submits an original vocal to represent their respective country which is performed on live television and radio and transmitted via the European Dissemination Union's Eurovision and Euroradio networks, hosted by i of the participating countries in an auditorium in a selected host city. Following all entries each participating country casts votes for their favourite performances from the other countries, and the song which has received the nigh points at the finish of the plan is alleged the winner.[one]

Each contest typically consists of iii live television shows held over 1 week in May. Two semi-finals are held on the Tuesday and Thursday of "Eurovision week", followed by a 1000 last on the Saturday.[2] All competing countries compete in i of the two semi-finals, with the exception of the host country of that yr'south contest and the "Big Five" countries—France, Frg, Italia, Spain and the Uk—who receive an automated berth in the terminal as the contest'due south biggest financial contributors.[iii] All remaining competing countries are split randomly beyond the 2 semi-finals, and the 10-highest scoring countries in each semi-final qualify for the thousand concluding; 26 countries in total therefore compete in the grand final each yr unless the host country is as well office of the "Big Five", in which case 25 countries would compete in the grand final for that year.[1]

The votes each country provides to determine the semi-concluding qualifiers and overall winner consists of 2 parts: goggle box viewers and radio listeners in each land tin can vote for their favourite vocal through telephone and SMS voting or by voting through the official Eurovision app, with all votes tallied to create a public "pinnacle ten" for that country; a selected jury of v music professionals is also appointed past each country's participating broadcaster, who rank all entries in the shows to make up one's mind their "acme 10" songs.[4] Each country and so provides two sets of points representing the views of the public and jury, with each set containing the points 1-eight, 10 and 12, with the highest ranked song receiving 12 points.[1]

The contest is a non-profit upshot, with financing for each year's event typically raised through a mandatory participation fee from each participating broadcaster, which varies for each state depending on its size and viewership, as well equally contributions from the host broadcaster and the host metropolis, and commercial revenues from any contest sponsorships, ticket sales for the live shows, televoting revenues and merchandise.[5]

Eligibility to participate in the competition is limited to active members of the EBU, which consist of member broadcasters from states which fall within the European Broadcasting Surface area or are member states of the Council of Europe.[half dozen] Associate member broadcasters may besides be allowed to compete in the contest, should they receive approval from the contest's Reference Group.[7]

Organization [edit]

The contest is organised by the EBU, together with the participating broadcaster of the host country, and is overseen by the Reference Group on behalf of all participating broadcasters, who are each represented by a nominated Head of Delegation.[8] The Head of Delegation for each land is responsible for leading their country's delegation at the outcome, and is their country'south contact person with the EBU. A country's delegation volition typically include a Head of Press, the contest participants, the songwriters and composers, bankroll performers, and the artist'south entourage, and can range from 20 to fifty people depending on the country.[9] The Heads of Delegation volition typically meet in March before the contest is held, to receive detailed data about the shows, the venue, stage pattern, lighting and sound to best ready their entry for the contest, likewise every bit details on the outcome organisation, such as transportation and adaptation during the upshot.[ten]

Scrutineers and Executive Supervisors [edit]

Photo of Jon Ola Sand

Jon Ola Sand, the contest'due south Executive Supervisor from 2011 to 2020

The competition'southward voting procedure is presided over by a scrutineer nominated by the EBU, who is responsible for ensuring that all points are allocated correctly and in turn. This function has been a consistent feature of the contest since its start edition, and has evolved into the present-24-hour interval role of the Executive Supervisor, who is too responsible for overseeing the system of the contest on behalf of the EBU, enforcing the rules and monitoring the Television production during the live shows.[11] Since 2011, the Executive Supervisor has been assisted by an Event Supervisor, who oversees and coordinates other matters related to the event on behalf of the EBU.[eleven]

The table beneath outlines the holders of the posts of Executive Supervisor and Event Supervisor in the contest'due south history:

Executive Supervisors
Name Land(due south) Year(s) Contest(southward)
Rolf Liebermann Switzerland 1956–1957 2
Unknown 1958–1963 six
Miroslav Vilček Yugoslavia 1964–1965 2
Clifford Brown United Kingdom 1966–1977 12
Frank Naef Switzerland 1978–1992 15
Christian Clausen Denmark 1993–1995 3
Christine Marchal-Ortiz France 1996; 1998–2002 6
Marie-Claire Vionnet French republic 1997 1
Sarah Yuen United Kingdom 2003 1
Svante Stockselius Sweden 2004–2010 vii
Jon Ola Sand Norway 2011–2020 nine (ane cancelled)
Martin Österdahl Sweden 2021–present 1
Event Supervisors
Name Year(s)
Sietse Bakker 2011–2016
Nadja Burkhardt 2016–present

Reference Group [edit]

The Reference Group is the contest'south executive committee and works on behalf of all participating countries in the contest. The group of broadcast executives and producers from various EBU member organisations meets four to v times a yr, and its part is to approve the development and format of the contest, secure financing, command the contest's branding, raise public awareness, and to oversee the yearly preparations of the competition with the host broadcaster.[12]

The composition of the Reference Grouping consists of a Chairperson, 3 elected members from among the Heads of Delegations, the Executive Producer(southward) of the host broadcaster from the upcoming host country besides every bit the 2 previous hosts, upwardly to another two invited members with relevant competence and feel, and the contest's Executive Supervisor.[xiii] The elected Chairperson typically comes from an EBU member broadcaster which does non participate in the contest, therefore allowing a degree of neutrality to the role.[12]

The current membership of the Reference Group is every bit follows:[thirteen] [14]

  • Dr. Frank-Dieter Freiling (Chairperson; ZDF)
  • Martin Österdahl (EBU Executive Supervisor)
  • Simona Martorelli (Executive Producer 2022; RAI)
  • Sietse Bakker (Executive Producer Issue 2021; NPO)
  • Astrid Dutrénit (Executive Producer TV 2021; NOS)
  • Yuval Cohen (Creative Director 2019; KAN)
  • Carla Bugalho (Deputy Executive Producer 2018; RTP)
  • Felix Bergsson (elected member; RÚV)
  • Alexandra Redde-Amiel (elected member; France Télévisions)
  • David Tserunyan (elected member; AMPTV)

Vocal and artist eligibility [edit]

The rules of the competition gear up out which songs may exist eligible to compete. Every bit the contest is for new compositions, and to prevent any 1 competing entry from having an advantage compared to the other entries, the contest organisers typically set a restriction on when a song may be released commercially for it to be considered eligible.[4] Rules in recent years have typically seen this date set every bit the first day of September of the year before the contest is to be held, even so this date has changed, and in the contest'due south history this has been as belatedly as a few weeks before the contest is held.[four] [15] Previously songs were not allowed to exist released commercially in any other state than that which information technology represented until afterwards the grand final, however this criterion is no longer in identify, and with the advancement in engineering and the growth of internet streaming, songs are regularly published online and released globally, and are now promoted via the Eurovision official website and social media platforms alee of the contest.[16]

No restrictions regarding the song elapsing were originally enacted when the contest was starting time founded, all the same following heavy protests over the 1957 Italian entry, which lasted for 5:09 minutes,[17] a new rule was implemented, requiring each competing song to take a maximum duration of iii minutes, a rule that notwithstanding applies.

No rule has ever been implemented to limit the nationality or land of nativity of the competing artists; many competing countries with a small population, such as Luxembourg and Monaco, were regularly represented by artists and composers from other countries, and several winning artists in the contest's history have held a different nationality or were born in a different country to that which they represented in the contest.[15] [eighteen]

Each competing performance may only characteristic a maximum of 6 people on stage, and may not comprise live animals.[4] Since 1990, all performers must exist over the age of sixteen on the 24-hour interval of the live show in which they perform; this rule was introduced after 2 artists in the 1989 contest were 11 and 12 years quondam on the day of the contest, which elicited complaints from some of the other participating countries.[19] [20] This rule'southward introduction ways that Sandra Kim, who won the contest for Belgium in 1986 at the age of xiii, would remain the contest'south youngest winner in perpetuity.[21] [22] No performer may compete for more than one country at the contest in a given yr.[four]

Live music [edit]

Live music has been an integral part of the competition since its first edition. The master vocals of the competing songs must be sung live on stage, notwithstanding other rules on pre-recorded musical accompaniment accept changed over time.[23]

The orchestra was a prominent feature of the contest from 1956 to 1998. Pre-recorded backing tracks were starting time allowed in the contest in 1973, but under this rule the only instruments which could exist pre-recorded had to also be seen being "performed" on stage; in 1997, this rule was changed to let all instrumental music to be pre-recorded, however the host land was nevertheless required to provide an orchestra.[24] In 1999, the rules were changed over again, making the orchestra an optional requirement; the host broadcaster of the 1999 contest, State of israel's IBA, after decided not to provide an orchestra equally a cost saving measure out, meaning that all entries would use a backing rail for the showtime fourth dimension in the contest's history.[16] [25] [26] The present-day rules of the contest now specify that all instrumental music should exist pre-recorded, with no live instrumentation allowed, making the return of the orchestra for competing acts impossible under the current rules.[four] [27]

Before 2020, all vocals were required to be performed live, with no natural voices of any kind or vocal imitations allowed on bankroll tracks.[iv] The Croatian entry at the 1999 contest was sanctioned after the competition for including synthesised male vocals in defiance of this rule, with Republic of croatia subsequently penalised through the docking of their score at that twelvemonth's contest by 33% for the purposes of calculating their five-year points average for use in determining which countries would be relegated in future contests.[sixteen] [25] [26] Ahead of the 2022 competition, in an effort to make the contest more flexible to alter following the counterfoil of the 2022 result and to facilitate modernisation, the organisers' announced that recorded backing vocals would be allowed on a trial basis and as an optional addition. An case of this is Iceland'south 2022 entry "10 Years", which used a choir in the span of the song. Delegations are still complimentary to provide live backing vocals if they prefer, and all lead vocals performing the melody of the song, including past the lead vocalist(s) and any supporting vocalists, must yet be performed live.[23]

Language [edit]

As Eurovision is a song contest, all competing entries must include vocals and lyrics of some kind; purely instrumental pieces have never been allowed.[4] Shortly competing entries may exist performed in whatever language, be that natural or synthetic, however the rules on the language(s) in which a country'due south entry may be performed accept varied over the course of the contest'due south history.

From 1956 to 1965, at that place were no rules in identify to dictate which language a state may perform in, however all entries up to 1964 were performed in one of their countries' national languages. In 1965 Sweden broke with this tradition past being performed in English;[28] a new language rule was subsequently introduced for the 1966 contest for all competing countries, preventing entries from existence performed in any language other than ane of the relevant country's officially recognised national languages.[xv] [29] [30]

The language rule was outset abolished in 1973, allowing all participating countries to sing in the language of their option;[31] [32] the rule was reintroduced ahead of the 1977 contest, however equally the process for choosing the entries for Kingdom of belgium and Germany had already begun before the rule change was announced, they were permitted to perform in English language for that twelvemonth'southward edition.[33] [34] The language rule was abolished once once more in 1999, resulting in xiv of that year'southward 23 competing entries featuring English language lyrics.[25] [26]

Since the abolition of the language rule, the big majority of entries at each year's contest are at present performed in English, given its status as a lingua franca; at the 2022 contest, only four songs did non contain whatsoever English lyrics. Following Salvador Sobral'south victory in that year'south contest with a vocal in Portuguese, still, the 2022 competition in Lisbon marked an increased number of entries in another linguistic communication than English, a trend which was repeated in 2019.[35] [36] In 2021, the first, 2d, and third places were all won by non-English language songs for the first time since 1995.[37]

The freedom of language has, even so, provided opportunities for artists to perform songs which would non have been possible previously, with a number of competing entries in this millennium having been performed in an invented language, and artists have also used this linguistic liberty to perform in languages other than English language which are also not official languages of their country.[38] [39] [forty]

As the contest is presented in both English language and French, at least one of the competition's hosts must be able to speak French equally well as English.[four]

Running social club [edit]

The gild in which the competing countries perform had historically been decided through a random draw, however since 2013 the order has been determined by the contest's producers, and submitted to the EBU Executive Supervisor and Reference Grouping for blessing before being announced publicly. This change was introduced to provide a better experience for television viewers, making the evidence more exciting and assuasive all countries to stand out by avoiding cases where songs of similar style or tempo were performed in sequence.[41] Under the current method, during the Semi-final Resource allotment Depict each country competing in a semi-final is drawn into either the outset half or second one-half of that semi-final; in one case all songs have been selected the producers will then determine the running order for the semi-finals.[42] [43] Semi-terminal qualifiers make a draw at random during the winners' press conference to determine whether they will perform during the first or 2nd one-half of the final; the automated finalists will likewise randomly draw their competing half in the run-up to the k final, except for the host state, whose exact performance position is determined at random in a divide describe.[43] [44] The running order for the final is then decided following the second semi-final by the producers, taking into consideration both the competing songs' musical qualities as well every bit stage performance, to all-time work around how to prepare whatever props, lighting and other production considerations.[45]

The procedure change in 2013 led to a mixed reaction from fans of the contests, with some expressing concern over potential corruption in allowing the producers to decide at which indicate each country would perform, while others were more optimistic about the change.[46] The social club in which competing countries perform is considered an of import factor in the potential of winning the contest, and statistical analysis on this field of study has been shown to corroborate that in a random depict songs which perform later on in the competition take a better chance of being scored highly.[47] [48] Performing 2d in the final is particularly considered detrimental to a country's chances of winning the contest, and no song performing in this position has ever won the contest in its history.[49]

Voting [edit]

Various voting systems have been used in the history of the contest to determine the placing of the competing songs. The current system has been in identify since 2016, which works on the basis of positional voting.[50] [51] Each state awards 2 sets of points: 1 set is based on the votes of each country's professional jury, consisting of 5 music professionals from that country; and a second fix is based on the views of the general public in the competing countries conducted through telephone and SMS voting or via voting conducted through the official Eurovision app. Each fix of points consists of 1–8, 10 and 12 points to the jury and public's 10 favourite songs, with the near preferred song receiving 12 points.[52] National juries and the public in each country are not allowed to vote for their own country, a rule first introduced in 1957.[52] [53]

Historically, each land's points were determined past a jury, which has at times consisted of members of the public, music professionals, or both in combination.[15] [30] With advances in telecommunication engineering science, and in response to criticism regarding some jury picks for the contest winner, televoting was first introduced to the competition in 1997 on a trial basis.[24] At that year's contest, broadcasters in Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland allowed their viewing public to determine their votes for the start time, and from 1998 televoting was extended to almost all competing countries.[54] The 2004 contest was the first to make televoting mandatory for all competing countries, all the same each country was obligated to provide a "backup jury", which would be used in example of voting failure, or if the number of votes registered did not laissez passer a gear up threshold to exist considered valid.[55] [56] A jury was reintroduced for the g final of the 2009 contest, with each country's points comprising both the votes of the jury and public in an equal separate; this mix of jury and public voting was expanded into the semi-finals from 2010.[57] [58]

The current voting system is a modification of that used in the competition since 1975, when the "1–viii, 10, 12 points" arrangement was first introduced. Until 2016, each country provided one set of points, representing the votes of either the state'southward jury, public or, since the 2009 yard final, the votes of both combined.[l] [58]

Presentation of the votes [edit]

Black and white photograph of the scoreboard in 1958; the running order numbers and song titles of the competing entries are printed on the left-hand side of the scoreboard, and rotating numbers on the right-hand side show the allocation of points to each song as each country's jury is called, and a total of all points received; song titles are sorted by order of appearance, with the first song to be performed appearing at the top of the scoreboard.

The scoreboard at the 1958 contest

Since 1957, each land's votes take been appear during a special voting segment as role of the contest's circulate. After each land'south votes take been calculated and verified, and following performances during the interval, the presenter(s) of the contest will telephone call upon a spokesperson in each land in plough to invite them to announce the results of their country's vote in English or French.[52] This spokesperson is typically a musician, broadcaster or announcer who is well known in their country, and previous spokespersons accept included former Eurovision artists and presenters.[59] Prior to 1994 the announcements were fabricated through telephone lines from the countries of origin, with the audio piped through into the auditorium for the audience to hear and over the idiot box transmission; the 1994 contest saw the introduction of satellite links for the voting, which has allowed the spokespersons to be seen visually by the audience and Boob tube spectators.[60]

The votes from each state are tallied via a scoreboard, which typically shows the total number of points each country has then far received, as well as the points being given out by the country currently being called upon by the presenter(s). The scoreboard was kickoff introduced in 1957; voting at the kickoff competition was held backside closed doors, merely taking inspiration from the UK's Festival of British Popular Songs which featured voting by regional juries, the EBU decided to incorporate this idea into its own contest.[61] This scoreboard was historically situated physically to the side of the stage and was updated manually every bit each country gave their votes; a graphical representation of this scoreboard was beginning introduced at the 1988 competition, which in recent contests is able to sort itself to place the land with the most votes at the top.[62] [63]

Historically, each country'southward spokesperson would denote sequentially the number of points being given to a specific country, which would then be repeated past the contest's presenter(s) in both English and French. With the increment in the number of competing countries, and therefore the number of countries voting in the concluding, the voting sequence soon became a lengthy process. From 2006, to relieve time, only each land'southward eight, 10 and 12 points were announced past their spokesperson, with points 1–7 displayed on-screen and and then automatically added to the scoreboard.[64] [65] Since the introduction of the new voting system in 2016, the spokespersons now announce but their country'southward 12 points, with their viii and 10 points now besides being shown and added automatically.[59]

From 1957 to 1962, the order in which the participating countries announced their votes was in contrary order of the presentation of their songs; from 1963 to 2003, countries were called upon in the same lodge in which they presented their songs, with the exception of the 1974 contest, where a drawing of lots was used to make up one's mind the order in which countries were chosen upon.[66] [67] With the introduction of semi-finals in 2004, a new system to determine the order of voting was required to business relationship for the countries which failed to authorize for the final: in 2004, the countries were called upon in alphabetical gild co-ordinate to their ii-alphabetic character ISO country codes;[68] and in 2005, the votes of the non-qualifying semi-finalists were announced first, in the club in which they performed in the semi-concluding, followed past the finalist countries in the gild in which they performed in the final.[69] From 2006 to 2010, similar to 1974, a separate draw was held to determine the voting society;[70] this draw was scrapped in 2011, and a new logarithmic organisation was implemented which used the jury votes submitted following the "jury final" apparel rehearsal in an attempt to ensure the winner did not become apparent early on in the voting sequence, and subsequently to create a more suspenseful and exciting experience for the viewers.[71]

Since 2016, the voting presentation begins with each land'southward spokespersons being chosen upon in turn to denote the points of their country's professional jury. One time the jury points from all countries have been announced, the contest's presenter(s) will and so denote the total public points received for each finalist, with the votes for each country beingness consolidated and announced every bit a single value.[l] From 2022 to 2018, the public points were announced in order from final to get-go, with the country with the lowest total score appear commencement; since 2019, these points have been announced in order co-ordinate to their placing by the juries, with the country that received the fewest points from the juries receiving their public points starting time.[52] The total televoting results, and the votes of each country'south jury and individual jury members, are published on the official Eurovision website after the prove; each state's individual televoting points are also typically displayed on-screen towards the end of the bear witness by that country'south broadcaster.[l]

Ties for commencement place [edit]

Since 1970, the rules of the contest take outlined how to determine the winning human activity in cases where ii or more countries have the same number of points at the end of the voting. The method of breaking a tie has changed over time, and the electric current tie-break dominion has been in place since 2016. In this event, a combined national televoting and jury result is calculated for each country, and the winner is the song which has obtained points from the highest number of countries.[52]

The outset tie-break dominion was introduced post-obit the 1969 contest, when 4 of the sixteen countries taking part—France, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom—all finished the voting with an equal number of votes.[72] As there was no rule in place to break the tie, all four were alleged joint winners.[73] This result led to complaints from a number of other competing countries, and several countries refused to take part in the 1970 edition of the contest in protest.[74] [75] [76]

As of 2021[update], on merely one occasion since 1969 has there been a necktie for offset identify: in 1991, the entries from Sweden and France had received 146 points each at the stop of the voting. The necktie-breaking dominion in place at the time specified that the country which had received the most sets of 12 points would be declared the winner; if there was still a tie, then the 10 points received, followed past eight points, etc. would exist used to break the tie. Both France and Sweden had received four sets of 12 points, nonetheless as Sweden had received more individual 10 points than France, Sweden's Carola was declared the winner.[77] [78]

Validation and observation [edit]

A number of steps have been established to ensure that a valid voting result is obtained and that transparency in the vote and results is observed.[81]

Each country'southward professional person jury, as well equally individual jury members, must come across a set up criteria to be eligible, regarding professional background, and diverseness in gender and historic period. A set criteria against which the competing entries should exist evaluated is published by the EBU, and all jury members pledge in writing that they will utilise this criteria when ranking the entries, as well as stating that they are not connected to any of the contestants in any way that could influence their decision. Additionally, jury members may only sit on a jury once every iii years. Each jury member votes independently of the other members of the jury, and no discussion or deliberation about the vote betwixt members is permitted.[81] [82]

Since 2004, the televoting in each state has been overseen by the contest's official voting partner, the German-based Digame. This company gathers all televotes and, since 2009, jury votes in all countries, which are then candy past the company'south Pan-European Response Platform, based out of their Voting Control Center in Cologne, Federal republic of germany. This system ensures that all votes are counted in accord with the rules, and that whatsoever attempts to unfairly influence the vote are detected and mitigated.[81] The entire voting procedure is overseen by independent observers from an external auditing company, which came from professional services house EY starting with the 2022 contest.[52] [82] [83]

Broadcasting [edit]

Participating broadcasters from competing countries are required to air live the semi-final in which they compete, or in the case of the automatic finalists the semi-final in which they are required to vote, and the grand final, in its entirety, including all competing songs, the voting epitomize which contains short clips of the performances, the voting procedure or semi-final qualification reveal, and in the grand final the reprise of the winning vocal.[4] [27] Since 1999, broadcasters who wished to do so were given the opportunity to provide advertizement during short, not-essential hiatuses in the prove'south schedule.[16]

On a number of occasions participating broadcasters have been forced to delay or postpone broadcast of one or more than live shows due to mitigating circumstances: in 2000, the contest was interrupted in the Netherlands to provide emergency news coverage of the Enschede fireworks disaster, which meant a televote could not exist held and the land'southward fill-in jury was used to provide the country's points;[84] [85] and in 2012, Albania broadcast the first semi-final, in which they were competing, deferred to provide coverage of the Qafa e Vishës omnibus accident.[86] In both of these cases no sanctions were levied confronting the broadcasters due to the emergency nature of the incidents, all the same in 2009, when Kingdom of spain deferred broadcast of the second semi-final to provide continuing coverage of the Madrid Open up lawn tennis tournament, the EBU announced that sanctions would be levied against the Spanish broadcaster RTVE.[87] [88]

The competition was offset produced in colour in 1968, and has been broadcast in widescreen since 2005, and in loftier-definition since 2007.[89] [90] [79]

Archive condition [edit]

An archiving project was initiated by the EBU in 2011, aiming to collate footage from all editions of the contest and related materials from its history ahead of the competition's 60th anniversary, in 2015.[91] In collaborating with member broadcasters, the EBU now holds all editions of the contest except for the 1956 and 1964 editions, of which no video footage is believed to exist.[92]

The first contest in 1956 was primarily a radio testify, all the same cameras were nowadays to broadcast the show for the few Europeans who had a television set prepare; any video footage which may have been recorded has since been lost over time, however sound of the competition has been preserved and a short newsreel of the winning reprise has survived.[93] [94] Alien reports of the fate of any video footage of the 1964 competition in Copenhagen accept been recanted over the years: ane claim is that footage of the contest was destroyed in a burn at the studios of Danish broadcaster DR in the 1970s, with no footage from other broadcasters known to exist;[95] [96] other claims include that footage of the competition was lost when the record was wiped by DR management for use in recording new programming, or that DR did not record the show at all due to a lack of available tape recorders.[97] [98] Equally with the 1956 contest, sound recordings of the 1964 competition, and some footage of the opening sequence and winning reprise accept survived.[99] [96]

The copyright of each individual contest from 1956 to 2003 is held by the corresponding organising host broadcaster for that yr'south competition; copyright for contests held from 2004 onwards is held centrally by the EBU.[100]

Rule changes past year [edit]

  • 1956 First contest – each of the seven competing countries were obliged to agree a national pick terminal to cull their entries. All countries sent 2 songs each.[101] Contestants were recommended to keep their songs under 3:30 .[102]
  • 1957 Each state would only ship 1 song from this year on. Afterward Italia's song lasted v minutes and 9 seconds, rule changes were introduced to limit maximum song times to three minutes – which still operates.[103] The voting was made public for the first time. Each of the 10 jurors awards a single betoken to their favourite song - so in theory a land could exist awarded all ten points, although the highest tally allocated nether this system was nine by the Danish jury for France'due south winning song in 1958 and the Belgian jury for Republic of ireland's winning song in 1970. Juries are no longer allowed to vote for their own country, after being allowed to in 1956.[101]
  • 1958 The convention of the winning country being invited to host the following year'south contest is introduced. Even so, several countries declined the opportunity in subsequent years.
  • 1959 Professional publishers or composers were no longer allowed in the national juries.
  • 1962 The voting system changes. Each country had x jury members who awarded their iii favourite songs 3, ii, and i points in order. Previously each of the 10 jury members awarded 1 point to their favourite song.
  • 1963 The jury size is doubled to twenty and the points awarded were v, four, iii, ii and one.
  • 1964 The jury size reverts to 10, and points are at present 5, 3 and one. It becomes possible for a unanimous jury to award all 9 points to i song – but this never occurred. It was likewise possible to requite half dozen and 3 points to 2 songs; this happened only in 1965, when the Belgian jury gave half dozen points to the U.k. and iii points to Italy.
  • 1966 Countries must at present sing in one of their national languages after Sweden'due south entrant sung in English.[104]
  • 1967 The scoring system reverts to the one used between 1957 and 1961.
  • 1970 Following a iv-fashion tie in the 1969 competition, a tie-break rule was introduced with provision for a sing-off and a show of hands from the juries to elect a winner.
  • 1971 Another voting arrangement alter is introduced. Each land had two jury members, ane under 25 and ane over 25. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song. This created an issue where some juries gave fewer points out than others. The dominion permitting groups of upwardly to six performers on phase was introduced. Previously, entrants could simply perform solo or as a duet.[105]
  • 1973 The rule forcing countries to sing in ane of their national languages is relaxed – even so this is only in identify for four years. For the start time, music played on backing tracks was allowed, although any instrument heard on 1 had to exist seen on stage as well.
  • 1974 The scoring system used between 1957 and 1961 and between 1967 and 1970 is restored for a third time.
  • 1975 A scoring system reminiscent of the electric current system is introduced. Each jury would now requite 12 points to the all-time song, 10 to the second all-time, then 8 to the third, 7 to the fourth, 6 to the 5th and so forth until the tenth best song received a single indicate. Unlike today, the points were not announced in guild (from ane upwardly to 12), but in the gild the songs were performed.
  • 1976 As the cost of staging the contest increases, a new rule was introduced that, in future, each participating broadcaster would have to pay a part of the price of staging the contest.
  • 1977 Countries must again revert to singing in their own national languages. Belgium and Frg had already called English-linguistic communication songs before the annunciation of this rule change, so were granted permission to continue their songs in English language.
  • 1980 The jury spokesperson now read the points out in numerical order (1, 2, 3, 4, v, 6, 7, 8, x and 12) rather than in song gild.
  • 1987 As the number of countries reached a tape of 22, the EBU imposed a limit on the number of countries competing. Although set at 22, this limit has varied slightly over the years.[106]
  • 1989 Following the closeness of the upshot at the 1988 contest, the tie break rule was amended. If a tie was to occur the winner would be alleged by whichever received the most 12 points; if that withal failed to dissever them, the one with the nigh x points would exist declared the winner. If in that location is still a necktie, the same process is used with the 8 points, and so on until there is no longer a tie.
  • 1990 Following Sandra Kim'due south 1986 win for Kingdom of belgium at the historic period of merely thirteen and controversy over two performers in 1989 being merely 11 and 12 years erstwhile, a restriction on the competitors' ages was introduced. The minimum age is now 16 at the fourth dimension of the event.
  • 1993 After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a pre-qualifying round was introduced.
  • 1994 Relegation had to exist introduced to arrange the e'er-increasing number of countries wishing to compete. Initially the bottom five countries from 1993 would not be relegated from 1994 competition. The relegation rules would modify slightly over subsequent years.
  • 1996 The number of countries that can compete is increased to 23.[107]
  • 1997 After controversy over a 1996 pre-selection procedure (similar to 1993) which resulted in Germany being omitted from the contest, the selection procedure changed to allow only the countries with the all-time average scores over the previous four years.
  • 1997 Following the advent of a Macintosh computer on stage the previous year during Gina One thousand'due south performance for the Uk, the rule on bankroll tracks was relaxed, so that countries were free to utilise whatever combination of live and recorded music of their choice without the requirement for whatever instruments to be seen on stage.
  • 1997 Televoting was trialled in five countries and would become the preferred method of voting from 1998.
  • 1999 Restrictions are lifted once more allowing countries to sing in any linguistic communication.
  • 1999 The employ of a alive orchestra was dropped as a mode to conserve money for the show; since so, all songs accept used pre-recorded backing tracks.
  • 2000 The "Big Iv" rule is introduced giving France, Germany, Kingdom of spain and the United Kingdom automatic entry in the contest regardless of previous performance. In 2011, Italia returned to the contest, becoming a "Large Five" fellow member.
  • 2002 The number of countries that tin can compete is increaced to 24.[108]
  • 2004 Relegation rules, which had varied slightly since 1994, were dropped and a semi-final was introduced. Countries eliminated in the semi-final were all the same allowed to vote on the last, so the convention of reading the scores in both French and English was dropped. The spokesperson would now read the score in one language with presenters repeating in the other language.
  • 2006 Jury spokespersons no longer read out all the points from one up to 12. Instead the scores up to 7 points are displayed briefly before the spokesperson reads out their 8, 10 and 12 signal allocations.
  • 2008 With a record entry of 43, a second semi-final was introduced. Juries were used to allocate a wild-card place in the terminal from each of the semi-finals. 25 countries at present compete in the concluding.
  • 2009 After criticism of the voting system after the 2007 contest, changes in the voting procedure were fabricated with the re-introduction of a national jury alongside televoting (split l/fifty). This format would be extended to the semi-finals in 2010.
  • 2010 Televoting is open from the first song until the end of the voting.
  • 2012 The 15-minute televoting window is restored due to criticism of the voting method after the 2011 contest. 26 countries at present compete in the final, due to Italia's return in 2011. A new upper limit of just twenty votes per phone number is imposed.
  • 2013 The format of the jury/televoting result is changed slightly in that all songs are at present ranked instead of being given a score in each method. This is then merged and the x highest ranked songs receive points in the usual manner. As well, for the first time, the running gild in all three shows is determined by producers of the show instead of a random describe, which is supposed to give each song competing a fair take a chance of success. For the first time, the final of the contest is introduced by a parade featuring all the 26 finalists in their own running social club.
  • 2015 The EBU considers the possibility of inviting countries outside of the European Broadcasting Area or the Quango of Europe to participate in future editions of the contest. The first of such "guest nations" was Australia in 2015. This besides increases the number of countries competing in the final to 27.[109] [110]
  • 2016 A new voting organization is introduced. Entries now receive one prepare of points from the jury and one ready of points from televoting. First, the jury votes are announced in the usual way, giving 1 upwards to 12 points merely with only the 12 points being read by the spokesperson. And then, the televotes are read past the presenters, starting with the state receiving the fewest televote points and catastrophe with the land that received the most televote points, and so the winner is non known until the cease of the bear witness.[111] In addition, the number of countries competing in the final is reduced back to 26 as Australia now competes in the semi-final.[112]
  • 2018 The rankings of individual jurors in each country are combined using an exponentially weighted formula.[113]
  • 2019 The order of the televoting presentation is changed. Instead of presenting the televoting results in lodge of fewest to most points, the points are given in the order of the last jury voting ranking, meaning the country with the fewest jury points receives its televote points start, and the winner of the jury votes hears its final score terminal.
  • 2021 After the 2022 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, pre-recorded backing vocals were allowed on a trial basis as an additional assurance to ensure the 2022 edition could proceed.[114]

Chronology [edit]

Rules overview
Rule

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Songs per country 2 1
Max No of lead vocalists 1[a] 2[b] 6[c]
Voting for your own country Allowed Non immune
Max vocal length None[d] 3:00
Language None[e] Native Any[f] Native Any[f]
Tiebreakers None Winner tiebreak[1000] 1st &
10th
in SF		 Full tiebreaker
Participants' age Any Min. 16 years old
Orchestra Orchestra only Orchestra only, bankroll track immune, but instruments on it had to be seen on stage Free
[h] 		Backing runway only
(no orchestra)
Jury or televoting Jury Tele
test
[i] 		Tele Tele
or
50/50		 Tele 50/fifty Jury
and
tele
Qualifications Only a final KzM Relegation
[j] 		PQR Relegation
[j] 		SF [thou] 2 SFs [l]
Participants' limit None 22[106] 23[107] 24[108] 40 45 46 44
Live vocals All vocals must be live Lead[m]
  1. ^ Up to v backing vocalists allowed.
  2. ^ Upwards to 5 bankroll vocalists allowed for soloists, upwardly to 4 backing vocalists immune for duets.
  3. ^ Number of backing vocalists and dancers combined immune is 6-x where x is the number of atomic number 82 vocalists.
  4. ^ 3:30 is the recommended max length of a vocal.[102]
  5. ^ Up until 1964, every country sang in its native language, and an unofficial rule was that every state would do that. In 1965, Sweden sent a song in English, and then the dominion was formally introduced.[104]
  6. ^ a b No rules restricting language usage.
  7. ^ A tie is all the same possible.
  8. ^ Each land would decide if they wanted to employ the orchestra or the backing track.
  9. ^ 5 countries tested a televoting, while the other 20 used juries.
  10. ^ a b Worst-scoring countries over a fix period would have to skip a contest.
  11. ^ A single semi-final is held where 10 countries qualify. 24 countries compete in the final.
  12. ^ 2 semi-finals are held, with 10 countries qualifying from each.
  13. ^ Only lead vocals have to be live. Bankroll vocals can exist alive or prerecorded.[114]

See also [edit]

  • Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN978-one-84732-521-1.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. 1: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN978-i-84583-065-half dozen.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest

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