Length of Term of Office for Us House of Representatives
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Posts and Beams
Forth with the foundation, posts and beams are the courage of a house frame. A beam is a horizontal support and a postal service is a vertical back up. Together they are used to provide back up for the framing in areas where a wall would be in the way. The size of posts and beams is determined by how much weight they accept to support and calculated past an architect or engineer. Posts and beams can be steel, forest or engineered lumber.
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On-Center
When placing joists, studs, rafters or trusses, carpenters need to know how far autonomously to install them. The distance is indicated on edifice plans and is usually referred to as "on-center" measurement. Joists placed 16 inches on-centre volition have 16 in. from the middle of i to the middle of the next. For ease of measuring and mark, carpenters mensurate from the edges rather than centers of the framing members. This works as long every bit you measure from left edge to left border or right border to right edge.
*The term "member" is used to describe virtually any object that's role of a greater assembly or construction. Carpenters often employ member to by and large depict whatsoever part of a house frame within a sure category. For instance, yous might hear a builder say "The roof frame members are stacked over there."
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Floor Joist
Flooring joists are the framing members that support the floor and walls above them. They run horizontally and are usually spaced 12, sixteen or 24 inches on-center. They are supported past the foundation or posts and beams and sized according to how much weight they back up. Traditional woods joists are unremarkably 2×8, 2×10 or 2×12 lumber, merely mod houses oft use engineered joists like trusses or I-joists considering they provide amend strength for less cost.
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Rim Joist
A floor frame consists of framing members that rest on posts, beams or foundation walls. Rim joists are the parts of the floor frame running perpendicular to the flooring joists and enclose the ends of the floor joist associates holding the joists in position. Carpenters cut the rim joists to length and mark the location of the joists on them. Then the joists are cutting to length, aligned with the marks on the rim joists and nailed through the rim joists into the ends of the joists.
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Blocking
Brusque lengths of wood or engineered lumber that are cut to fit between joists, studs or trusses are chosen blocking. Blocking is installed for a variety of reasons. Structural blocking is indicated on the house program and provides actress strength. Fire blocking prevents the spread of fire inside an enclosed floor, wall or ceiling. Some blocking is also installed to provide a solid attachment for handrails, grab bars or other hardware.
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Subfloor
Nailed or screwed to the top of the floor joists, the subfloor provides a platform for the walls to a higher place and a base for the finished flooring materials. Subflooring is usually 5/8 to three/four inches thick and bachelor in iv×eight-pes sheets. Plywood and OSB (oriented strand board) are the most common materials used for subfloors.
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Wall Plate
Plates are the horizontal members that are found at the height and bottom of walls and role to agree the wall studs in position. They are ordinarily the same width and material equally the studs. Carpenters cut the plates to length and mark the position of doors, windows and studs on them as a guide for building the walls. Standard structure includes a bottom plate, top plate and a second top plate overlapping the adjoining wall tying the walls together.
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Stud
Studs are the vertical members that, together with the plates, brand up the wall frames. They are usually 2x4s or 2x6s spaced 16 or 24 inches on-middle and tin exist standard framing lumber or engineered lumber, like laminated strand lumber. To save time, carpenters often purchase precut studs available in 92-5/viii, 104-5/8, and 116-5/viii inch lengths to build standard 8-, nine- and ten-foot-alpine walls. Studs that don't extend from the bottom plate to the superlative plate have special names.
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Trimmer or Jack Stud
Window and door openings in walls require a horizontal framing member beyond the top of the opening. The studs that run vertically along the sides of window and door openings and are cut to fit from the bottom plate to the underside of this horizontal member are called trimmers or jack studs.
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King Stud
Window and door openings in walls as well require a vertical framing member lumber (left and right) of a window or door opening that runs continuously from the lesser sole plate to the pinnacle plate.
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Cripples or Cripple Stud
Studs cut short to fit beneath or to a higher place window and door openings are chosen cripples. When carpenters mark the plates for stud locations they indicate the location of cripples with a special marker to evidence that these are non full-length studs.
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Header
Headers are piddling beams placed above window and door openings to support the weight above. The wider the opening, the stronger the header has to exist. Headers tin be built up past layering standard 1-i/2-inch-thick framing lumber, or they can be engineered lumber. The ends of headers are supported by trimmer studs.
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Load-begetting Wall
A wall required to support the weight to a higher place it is referred to as a load-bearing wall. Exterior walls are almost always load bearing considering they support the floors above also as the roof. Some interior walls are also load bearing. When remodeling, removal of a load bearing wall requires calculation a axle to carry the load.
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Stringer
Stairs have all kinds of parts including treads, risers and railings. Installing these is ordinarily the chore of a end carpenter. But the framing carpenter is responsible for cutting and installing the stringers. Stringers are the angled stair supports running from the ground to the chief floor or from floor to floor. Stairs crave at least 2 stringers, but usually three or iv depending on how broad the stairway is. Stringers are typically notched to provide a level surface for the stair treads and a vertical surface for nailing on the riser boards.
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Wall Capsule
Wall sheathing is applied to the outside of the wall framing to enclose the structure. Depending on the type of sheathing, information technology can also provide bracing, insulation or a nailing surface for siding materials. Sheets of plywood, OSB, gypsum and extruded polystyrene are a few common types of sheathing material.
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Rafter
Rafters are the angled framing members that make upwardly the roof structure. Covering sheathing and the covering materials are placed over and on top of the rafters. There are several types of rafters named for their location and function in the roof frame. These include mutual, hip, ridge, valley and jack rafters. Rafters are sized according to the weight they must support and the distance they span. They are usually spaced 16 or 24 inches on-center to line up with a standard 4×viii sheet of roof sheathing.
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Roof Gradient
The slope of a roof is a common term used by architects and builders to describe a roof's incline, or how steep it is. Carpenters also utilize roof slope to cut the ends of rafters to the correct bending. Slope is specified with two numbers indicating the ascent and run. The first number, the rise, tells the vertical distance the roof rises for every human foot of run. The second number, the run, is ever 12 inches. A roof with a 3:12 pitch would exist fairly apartment while a roof with a 12:12 pitch would be very steep.
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Roof Truss
Cutting and assembling rafters requires a skillful carpenter and a fair amount of time. To simplify the task and save fourth dimension and money, engineers developed roof trusses to supersede rafter assemblies. Roof trusses are designed and built in a factory to match the roof slope, dimensions and style of the firm. They are and so delivered to the job site where they're intstalled according to a roof plan provided by the manufacturer. Trusses are usually spaced 24 inches on-eye to align with standard sheets of roof capsule.
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Roof Sheathing
Roof capsule is typically 7/16, 1/2 or v/8 inch thick and available in 4×8-foot sheets. Plywood and OSB are mutual capsule materials. The sheathing is nailed to the tiptop of rafters or trusses providing a base for the installation of roofing materials.
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Floor Truss
Floor trusses are built with 2x4s or 2x3s with a wide, stable surface that is easier to piece of work on and effectually. They were designed to replace a standard flooring joist fabricated of dimensional lumber. They eliminate the need for additional beams to back up a floor considering of their stiffness and strength. Their wide nailing surface provides a surface for like shooting fish in a barrel gluing and quick, accurate attachment of sheathing and subfloor. This helps reduce squeaks. They also leave plenty of room for plumbing, electrical and mechanical runs.
Originally Published: July 28, 2021
Source: https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/house-framing-terms/
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